Cosan S.A.

Price story Before the numbers, the tape. A stock price moves through four repeating seasons: a flat base (stage 1), an advance (2), a top (3), a decline (4). Where the price sits in that cycle frames everything below.

Cosan S.A. trades at $3.1, in a downtrend and 23 weeks into that stage. That is −22.1% against its own 200-day average. It sits at 16% of a 52-week range of $3 to $6. On relative strength it is currently behind the S&P 500 on a trailing-13-week view (16 weeks and counting).

Today the stock is in a downtrend — week 23 of stage 4. At $3.1 it trades −22.1% versus its 200-day average and sits at 16% of its 52-week range ($3–$6).

Against the market, two honest reads. Cumulative: over the last 5.4 years the stock moved −81% while the S&P 500 moved +96% — behind the index over the full window. Recent form: on a trailing-13-week view the stock is currently behind (16 weeks and counting; last ahead the week of 2026-04-17) — the ribbon below is that same metric, week by week.

What would end the trend, mechanically: two Friday closes in a row below the 200-day line. That is the exit rule — no debates.

Valuation P/E is the price of $1 of annual profit: how many dollars the market pays for each dollar the company earns in a year.

Cosan S.A. trades at 0.7× P/E, near the bottom of its own range — cheaper only 12% of the time. Its long-run median P/E is 1.6×, measured across 3.1 years of weekly readings. This places the multiple against the stock’s own record, and says nothing about what the business is worth.

Today's P/E of 0.7× is near the bottom of its own range — cheaper only 12% of the time, against a long-run median of 1.6× measured over 3.1 years of weekly readings. This is a comparison against the stock's own history — not a claim about what it is worth.

The price move, decomposed: over 3y, of the −42.2%/yr price move, ~−12.8%/yr came from earnings growth and ~−29.4 pp from the multiple (compressing). The split is the honest approximate (price return minus earnings growth); it makes the rally itself visible instead of hiding it behind the percentile.

Put together: the multiple is low against its own past, so the story rests on the earnings line underneath it, not the multiple.

Stage: Deteriorating Every business sits somewhere on a fundamental arc, and this page names the spot before anything else. The last twelve quarters of revenue, profit and EPS growth — plus the return the business earns on its capital — are read as curves: Deteriorating (the curves are falling), Turning around (a trough has just formed and the last few quarters lift off it), Improving (the climb off the trough is sustained), Consistent (steadily positive with healthy returns), Topping out (still high but decelerating from the peak). When the curves genuinely disagree the read is Mixed; too little history is No read. CAGR (compound annual growth rate) is the smooth yearly pace that turns the starting value into the latest one — the fairest way to compare growth across different time spans. Read the columns together: if the 1-year number towers over the 10-year, recent growth is running hotter than the long-run trend. A dash means that window is not held, or the base year was a loss (where a growth rate is not meaningful).

Cosan S.A. reads as deteriorating on its fundamental arc. Deteriorating — revenue, profit and EPS growth are shrinking (revenue growth −9.1% latest against +34.8% at its 12-quarter best), ROE slipping at -32.9%. The read is built from 12 quarters across 4 curves, on partial evidence.

🚨 Why it matters: falling curves mean every cheap-looking ratio below needs a discount for direction.

Return readings here are annual, not quarterly — read as level and direction only; they can confirm the growth curves but never drive the stage on their own.

A partial read: at least one curve is short, or the returns curve is not the computed quarterly series — hold the stage word a little more loosely.

4-Factor Sector Score

No sector-relative score — Cosan S.A. is not among the largest members shown in this industry comparison for Oil & Gas Refining & Marketing.

The score is a rank WITHIN a peer set: every metric is scored by percentile against the other members. Without the peer set there is no score to state, so none is invented here.

Revenue Revenue is the top line: everything the company billed its customers in the period.

Cosan S.A. reported $9.0 B of revenue in the Mar 26 quarter, −6.5% year on year. Over 4 years it has compounded at 11.6% a year. The last full year, FY25, came in at $40.4 B. The last four reported quarters add to $39.8 B.

FY25 revenue came in at $40.4 B (−8.0% on the year), capping 4 years at 11.6% compound. The latest quarter (Mar 26) printed $9.0 B, −6.5% year on year.

Pace check: the last four quarters averaged −8.8% growth against the decade's 11.6% — the current year is running slower than its own long-run rate.

Acceleration check: trailing-twelve-month revenue grew −9.1% over the last 4 quarters against +0.1%/yr over the last 8 — rolling over.

Operating margin Operating margin is what is left of every $100 of sales after running the business, before interest and tax. It is the cleanest read on pricing power and cost control.

Cosan S.A.'s operating margin is 23.8% in the Mar 26 quarter, +1.8 percentage points against the same quarter a year ago. Across 5 fiscal years the operating margin has ranged 15.7% to 27.8%. The current quarter sits inside that band.

The latest quarter's operating margin is 23.8%, +1.8 pp against the same quarter a year ago. Across 5 fiscal years the operating margin has ranged 15.7%–27.8%.

Why the margin moved: operating margin went +1.8 pp year on year while gross margin went +4.4 pp — the gain came mostly from the gross line: input costs and pricing.

Net profit Net profit is what survives every cost, interest and tax — the number EPS, dividends and book value all grow from.

Cosan S.A. posted a net loss of $1.3 B in the Mar 26 quarter. The full FY25 year was a loss of $10.2 B. That loss is 14.8% of the quarter's revenue. The same quarter a year earlier lost $1.9 B. 8 of the last 12 reported quarters were loss-making.

Mar 26 profit was $−1.3 B, null year on year. On the full year, FY25 printed $−10.2 B (null).

Cash flow — the router The P&L says what was earned; the cash-flow statement says what actually arrived. Operating cash flow (CFO) against profit is the cleanest lie detector in the accounts.

Over the last 3 fiscal years 177% of Cosan S.A.'s reported profit arrived as operating cash — the cash follows the profit. In FY25 that was $13.0 B of operating cash against $−10.2 B of profit. After $8.5 B of capital spending, $4.6 B was left as free cash.

FY25: operating cash of $13.0 B against reported profit of $−10.2 B, leaving free cash of $4.6 B after $8.5 B of capital spending. Across the last 3 fiscal years the conversion rate is 177% of profit.

Cash-flow readings here are annual — that is the resolution our series carries, so this section moves once a year.

Why: conversion is measured cleanly, but the working-capital day-counts behind it sit below what we hold — the move is shown without inventing its driver.

Router verdict: the visible cash user is investment — the next section checks what the spending is buying.

Where the cash goes Working capital is the cash tied up between paying suppliers and getting paid: debtor days (customers owe), inventory days (stock waits), and the cash conversion cycle (the whole loop, in days of sales).

Cosan S.A. does not report the debtor, inventory and payable day-counts a cash cycle is built from, so this section reads the investment side instead. Capital spending ran $23.0 B over the last 3 years. Averaged over those years that is 19.0% of FY25 revenue a year.

Working-capital day-counts are not in our numbers for this stock, so this section reads the investment side — where the cash is being put to work.

On the investment side: capital spending of $23.0 B over the last 3 fiscal years.

The synthesis: the cash is going into capacity, not disappearing into the cycle — the question becomes whether the new capacity earns.

Return on equity Return on equity (ROE) is the profit the business earns on its shareholders’ money. With the full capital-employed split not in our numbers, ROE is the cleanest long ladder we can draw here.

Cosan S.A. earns a ROE of −33% in FY25. Return on invested capital clears the cost of that capital by +5.9 percentage points, so growth here adds value rather than only size. The wiring behind it is −25.2% net margin on 0.30× asset turns.

FY25 ROE is −33%.

Why the return is what it is — the wiring (FY25): −25.2% net margin × 0.30× asset turns × 4.36× balance-sheet leverage ≈ −33.0% on equity. Margin does its share; leverage is a meaningful part of the equation.

The capstone test — ROIC − WACC: 14.9% − 9.0% = a +5.9 pp spread. The 9.0% is an estimate of this company's own cost of capital — read the sign and the size of the spread, not the decimals. A spread this wide means every dollar reinvested creates more than a dollar of value — the engine compounds.

Dividend A dividend is cash paid out per share. Dividend per share is the declared amount for the period; the trailing twelve-month total is the four most recent quarters added together.

Cosan S.A. has 1 quarter of declared dividends on file — too few for a trailing-twelve-month figure. The most recent declaration was $0.45 for Mar 24.

Cosan S.A. has declared a dividend in 1 of the last 12 reported quarters, most recently $0.45 for Mar 24. That is fewer than four quarters, so no trailing-twelve-month total is shown rather than one built from a partial year.

Debt Debt-to-equity says how much of the business is funded by borrowings. Low is the safe corner; the trend matters as much as the level.

Cosan S.A. carries total debt of $72.8 B against shareholder equity of $29.4 B as of Mar 26, a debt-to-equity of 2.48. On the annual view that ratio went from 1.79 in FY21 to 2.61 in FY25. Read the returns elsewhere on this page with that leverage in mind.

Mar 26: total debt of $72.8 B against shareholder equity of $29.4 B — a debt-to-equity of 2.48. On the annual view, debt-to-equity went from 1.79 (FY21) to 2.61 (FY25). Read the returns on this page with that leverage in mind.

Ownership There is no quarter-by-quarter holder register to read here, so we read the crowd through short interest — the slice of tradable shares currently sold short, positioned for a fall.

No ownership or positioning reading is held for Cosan S.A., so this section names the gap rather than filling it. At typical trading volumes those positions would take about 1.6 days to buy back. There is no quarter-by-quarter holder register to read for this filer, so the crowd is read through short interest instead.

We hold no ownership or positioning reading for this stock, so this section says that plainly.

Safety line The Z-score estimates how far a company sits from balance-sheet distress — above roughly 3 is safe, below roughly 1.8 is the danger zone. It was built for manufacturers, so it is not applied to banks and lenders.

Cosan S.A.: the Z-score reads 0.71. A Z-score above roughly 3 reads as safe and below roughly 1.8 as the distress zone, so this sits inside the distress zone. It is a distance-to-distress estimate from the balance sheet, not a forecast of failure.

🚨 Why it matters: a Z-score of 0.71 is inside the distress zone — the balance sheet is a real risk, not a detail.

The safety line in one sentence: the Z-score reads 0.71.

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