Sector Alpha Week of 2026-07-28
20-quarter listed-company comparison

Auto Manufacturers Stocks

Auto Manufacturers: Ford Motor Company owns the largest revenue base; Lucid Group, Inc. has the fastest current growth.

The industry itself · before any single company

How has Auto Manufacturers moved against S&P 500?

The line below covers 5.2 years. Over the most recent two of them this industry is 30% behind S&P 500. Earnings across its companies fell 39% on average over the last four reported quarters.

TURNING · ahead 1w~Price down, no fundamental support8 of 19 companies ahead of S&P 500 by 5% or more over three months

RS ↑1w · 6/19 >200d (+1) · 8/19 lead (+6) · EPS 10/19↑

200202620252024202320222021 122348 TRAILING 12-MONTH EPS · 100 AT THE START0100155Mar 22Sep 22Mar 23Sep 23Mar 24Sep 24Mar 25Sep 25Mar 26Mar 2022 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 100, against 100 at the start · no comparable year yet · 7 reportingJun 2022 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 92, against 100 at the start · down 77.4% on a year ago · 8 reportingSep 2022 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 93, against 100 at the start · no comparable year yet · 7 reportingDec 2022 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 94, against 100 at the start · down 19.8% on a year ago · 8 reportingMar 2023 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 94, against 100 at the start · down 9.5% on a year ago · 7 reportingJun 2023 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 114, against 100 at the start · up 19.7% on a year ago · 8 reportingSep 2023 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 127, against 100 at the start · up 20.5% on a year ago · 7 reportingDec 2023 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 130, against 100 at the start · up 33.0% on a year ago · 8 reportingMar 2024 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 155, against 100 at the start · up 34.9% on a year ago · 7 reportingJun 2024 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 148, against 100 at the start · up 27.3% on a year ago · 8 reportingSep 2024 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 151, against 100 at the start · up 19.0% on a year ago · 7 reportingDec 2024 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 100, against 100 at the start · up 14.9% on a year ago · 9 reportingMar 2025 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 115, against 100 at the start · down 15.2% on a year ago · 7 reportingJun 2025 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 86, against 100 at the start · down 19.6% on a year ago · 9 reportingSep 2025 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 82, against 100 at the start · down 25.6% on a year ago · 7 reportingDec 2025 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 50, against 100 at the start · down 46.8% on a year ago · 9 reportingMar 2026 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 41, against 100 at the start · down 64.3% on a year ago · 7 reportingNot reported yet — earnings trail price by a quarter or two41 · Mar 26No earnings on file this far back — the price series reaches further than the filings do
200202620252024202320222021 122348 TRAILING 12-MONTH EPS · 100 AT THE START0100155Mar 22Mar 23Mar 24Mar 25Mar 26Mar 2022 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 100, against 100 at the start · no comparable year yet · 7 reportingJun 2022 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 92, against 100 at the start · down 77.4% on a year ago · 8 reportingSep 2022 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 93, against 100 at the start · no comparable year yet · 7 reportingDec 2022 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 94, against 100 at the start · down 19.8% on a year ago · 8 reportingMar 2023 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 94, against 100 at the start · down 9.5% on a year ago · 7 reportingJun 2023 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 114, against 100 at the start · up 19.7% on a year ago · 8 reportingSep 2023 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 127, against 100 at the start · up 20.5% on a year ago · 7 reportingDec 2023 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 130, against 100 at the start · up 33.0% on a year ago · 8 reportingMar 2024 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 155, against 100 at the start · up 34.9% on a year ago · 7 reportingJun 2024 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 148, against 100 at the start · up 27.3% on a year ago · 8 reportingSep 2024 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 151, against 100 at the start · up 19.0% on a year ago · 7 reportingDec 2024 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 100, against 100 at the start · up 14.9% on a year ago · 9 reportingMar 2025 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 115, against 100 at the start · down 15.2% on a year ago · 7 reportingJun 2025 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 86, against 100 at the start · down 19.6% on a year ago · 9 reportingSep 2025 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 82, against 100 at the start · down 25.6% on a year ago · 7 reportingDec 2025 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 50, against 100 at the start · down 46.8% on a year ago · 9 reportingMar 2026 · trailing 12-month earnings per share at 41, against 100 at the start · down 64.3% on a year ago · 7 reportingNot reported yet — earnings trail price by a quarter or two41No earnings on file this far back — the price series reaches further than the filings do
Auto Manufacturers, equal-weighted, based at 200 S&P 500, same base, same start trailing 12-month earnings per share rising falling
Strength anatomy MixedHow much of the industry is participating, how recently, and whether the movers score well.
Together8 of 19 stocks moving
Fresh6 crossed in the last 4 weeks
Backed by scoresmovers score +3 vs the industry average
Down the cap ladder — bar is now, tick is four weeks ago
Large 2/4+2
Mid 3/7+2
Small 3/8+2

Participation is spreading downward — the mid and small companies added more this month than the large ones did.

Both lines start at 200 in the same week, so the distance between them is the whole story: the industry line is an equal-weighted index of its 19 companies. The bars underneath are trailing 12-month earnings per share, one bar per reported quarter, each member rebased to 100 at the start and the industry taking the median — so a price line pulling away from flat bars is a re-rating, not earnings. A bar turns red when that figure is lower than the quarter before. Rules are fixed and applied identically everywhere on this site: ahead by 5% or more over three months, or behind by 20% or more over a year while earnings grew 20% or more. Hover any point to read both values and the gap. This is a description of what the numbers did, not advice.

Sector relative strength · before individual stocks

Is Auto Manufacturers outperforming S&P 500?

Auto Manufacturers has underperformed S&P 500 by 16.4% over the last 52 weeks. Over 13 weeks the gap is a lead of 17%. 2 of 12 covered companies currently beat the S&P 500 on Mansfield relative strength, so leadership inside the sector is selective. General Motors Company is the strongest against the sector itself at +18.8%.

+17.0%Sector vs S&P 500 · 13 weeks
-16.4%Sector vs S&P 500 · 52 weeks
2/12Stocks leading S&P 500
4/12Stocks leading sector

Sector metric: — as of latest available · unclassified · direction unavailable.

The central tension: the companies with the most scale are not necessarily the companies creating the most change.

Start with scale. Then earnings trajectory. Then business quality. Only after those three agree should price leadership carry much weight.

Bottom line

Auto Manufacturers has underperformed S&P 500 by 16.4% over 52 weeks and 17% over 13 weeks. 2 of 12 covered companies beat the S&P 500 on Mansfield relative strength, while 4 of 12 beat the sector itself. Ford Motor Company leads with revenue of $189,861 million, based on 8 of 12 comparable companies through Mar 2026.

Is the Auto Manufacturers sector outperforming S&P 500?

Auto Manufacturers has underperformed S&P 500 by 16.4% over 52 weeks and 17% over 13 weeks. 2 of 12 covered companies beat the S&P 500 on Mansfield relative strength, while 4 of 12 beat the sector itself.

Which Auto Manufacturers company is largest by revenue?

Ford Motor Company leads with revenue of $189,861 million, based on 8 of 12 comparable companies through Mar 2026.

Which Auto Manufacturers company is growing fastest?

Lucid Group, Inc. has the fastest current revenue growth at 61%, across 8 of 12 comparable companies.

Which Auto Manufacturers company has the strongest 4-Factor Sector Score?

Ford Motor Company ranks first at 54.8/100 with 72% evidence confidence. The score prioritizes research; it is not a buy recommendation.

Which Auto Manufacturers company reports the most CAPEX?

Stellantis N.V. reports the largest latest CAPEX at $3,540 million, with 12 of 12 companies comparable.

Which Auto Manufacturers company has the least gross debt?

Robo.ai Inc. has the lowest comparable gross debt at $27 million. Ford Motor Company has the highest at $206,325 million.

Which Auto Manufacturers company has the lowest comparable PEG?

Tesla, Inc. has the lowest comparable Guarded PEG at 3.73, among 2 of 12 companies that pass the metric’s comparability rules.

How much history does this Auto Manufacturers comparison include?

The page compares up to 20 reported quarters per company for fundamentals, CAPEX, debt and valuation, ending Jun 2026. Missing observations remain blank rather than being estimated.

How is the 4-Factor Sector Score calculated?

The four visible contributions add directly: growth and earnings up to 35 points, capital efficiency up to 25, valuation up to 20, and relative strength up to 20. Missing or stale evidence moves only the affected contribution toward neutral.

Companies
12
complete canonical membership
Combined market value
$1.5T
Tesla, Inc.
Revenue growing
6/8
positive TTM year-on-year growth
Beating S&P 500
2/12
positive Mansfield relative strength
Global company selection
00 · research priority, made explicit

4-Factor Sector Score

An additive sector-relative research score. The four displayed point contributions always equal the total: Growth & earnings (35), Capital efficiency (25), Valuation (20), and Relative strength (20). Missing or stale evidence is absorbed inside the affected factor, never applied as a hidden adjustment.

Growth & earnings · 35%Capital efficiency · 25%Valuation · 20%Relative strength · 20%
Ford Motor Company has the strongest current balance of earnings trajectory, business quality, valuation and price confirmation, with 72% evidence confidence.
Ford Motor Company has stronger price confirmation than earnings confirmation; that is a research prompt, not permission to chase.

Missing observations are not scored as bad. Their missing weight lowers confidence and pulls the final score toward neutral. PEG is guarded: positive earnings, positive 5–60% three-year EPS growth, and a positive P/E are required.

1. Ford Motor Company · F

54.8/100 · Mixed-positive evidence · 72% evidence

Exact sum: 17.3 + 10.2 + 11 + 16.3 = 54.8

Decision use: Price leads the evidence: RS versus the benchmark is 6.6%, but earnings trajectory is weak. Wait for revenue and profit confirmation.

17.3/35Growth & earnings

Revenue 3.8% · PAT -220.9% · OPM change 4.6 pp

83% evidence

10.2/25Capital efficiency

ROCE 1.3% · debt/equity 5.5×

80% evidence

11.0/20Valuation

P/E 10.2× · PEG —

15% evidence

16.3/20Relative strength

RS sector 11.5% · RS bench 6.6% · 1Y 38.3%

100% evidence

2. General Motors Company · GM

53.7/100 · Thin evidence · provisional · 59% evidence

Exact sum: 17.9 + 10.8 + 9 + 16 = 53.7

Decision use: Fill the missing evidence before acting; the ranking is deliberately pulled toward neutral.

17.9/35Growth & earnings

Revenue — · PAT — · OPM change -0.9 pp

45% evidence

10.8/25Capital efficiency

ROCE 0.8% · debt/equity 2.01×

80% evidence

9.0/20Valuation

P/E 38.9× · PEG —

15% evidence

16.0/20Relative strength

RS sector 18.8% · RS bench 14.4% · 1Y 71.9%

100% evidence

3. Ferrari N.V. · RACE

48.4/100 · Mixed-negative evidence · 82% evidence

Exact sum: 14.5 + 16.4 + 4.5 + 13 = 48.4

Decision use: Price leads the evidence: RS versus the benchmark is -5.8%, but earnings trajectory is weak. Wait for revenue and profit confirmation.

14.5/35Growth & earnings

Revenue 4.7% · PAT 0.9% · OPM change -0.6 pp

83% evidence

16.4/25Capital efficiency

ROCE 6.1% · debt/equity 0.72×

80% evidence

4.5/20Valuation

P/E 32.5× · PEG 5.95

65% evidence

13.0/20Relative strength

RS sector 0.2% · RS bench -5.8% · 1Y -10.6%

100% evidence

4. Rivian Automotive, Inc. · RIVN

45.2/100 · Mixed-negative evidence · 62% evidence

Exact sum: 14.4 + 7.4 + 10 + 13.4 = 45.2

Decision use: Price leads the evidence: RS versus the benchmark is -0.7%, but earnings trajectory is weak. Wait for revenue and profit confirmation.

14.4/35Growth & earnings

Revenue 10.4% · PAT — · OPM change -11 pp

62% evidence

7.4/25Capital efficiency

ROCE -7.5% · debt/equity 1.13×

80% evidence

10.0/20Valuation

P/E — · PEG —

0% evidence

13.4/20Relative strength

RS sector 3.7% · RS bench -0.7% · 1Y 34.8%

100% evidence

5. LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

42.5/100 · Thin evidence · provisional · 59% evidence

Exact sum: 19.9 + 5 + 10.5 + 7.1 = 42.5

Decision use: Fill the missing evidence before acting; the ranking is deliberately pulled toward neutral.

19.9/35Growth & earnings

Revenue 16.7% · PAT — · OPM change 407.9 pp

62% evidence

5.0/25Capital efficiency

ROCE -17.1% · debt/equity 2.68×

80% evidence

10.5/20Valuation

P/E 11.6× · PEG —

15% evidence

7.1/20Relative strength

RS sector -32.1% · RS bench -38.8% · 1Y -40%

70% evidence

6. Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

42.1/100 · Mixed-negative evidence · 62% evidence

Exact sum: 15 + 8.1 + 10 + 9 = 42.1

Decision use: Balanced evidence: keep at normal research priority and require another comparable period before raising conviction.

15.0/35Growth & earnings

Revenue 61% · PAT — · OPM change -55.9 pp

62% evidence

8.1/25Capital efficiency

ROCE -15.6% · debt/equity 0.65×

80% evidence

10.0/20Valuation

P/E — · PEG —

0% evidence

9.0/20Relative strength

RS sector -33.6% · RS bench -40.1% · 1Y -67.4%

100% evidence

7. Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

40.5/100 · Mixed-negative evidence · 82% evidence

Exact sum: 15.7 + 15.5 + 3.5 + 5.8 = 40.5

Decision use: Balanced evidence: keep at normal research priority and require another comparable period before raising conviction.

15.7/35Growth & earnings

Revenue 2.3% · PAT -36.4% · OPM change 2.1 pp

83% evidence

15.5/25Capital efficiency

ROCE 0.9% · debt/equity 0.11×

80% evidence

3.5/20Valuation

P/E 341.1× · PEG 3.73

65% evidence

5.8/20Relative strength

RS sector -25.4% · RS bench -29.1% · 1Y 1.6%

100% evidence

8. Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

35.5/100 · Thin evidence · provisional · 56% evidence

Exact sum: 7.9 + 9.3 + 11.5 + 6.8 = 35.5

Decision use: Fill the missing evidence before acting; the ranking is deliberately pulled toward neutral.

7.9/35Growth & earnings

Revenue -100% · PAT — · OPM change -36453 pp

62% evidence

9.3/25Capital efficiency

ROCE -72.7% · debt/equity 0.28×

68% evidence

11.5/20Valuation

P/E 0× · PEG —

15% evidence

6.8/20Relative strength

RS sector -27.3% · RS bench -41.3% · 1Y -53.3%

70% evidence

9. Stellantis N.V. · STLA

43.6/100 · Thin evidence · provisional · 39% evidence

Exact sum: 18.3 + 10.5 + 10 + 4.8 = 43.6

Decision use: Fill the missing evidence before acting; the ranking is deliberately pulled toward neutral.

18.3/35Growth & earnings

Revenue — · PAT — · OPM change —

12% evidence

10.5/25Capital efficiency

ROCE 0.6% · debt/equity —

46% evidence

10.0/20Valuation

P/E 13.8× · PEG —

15% evidence

4.8/20Relative strength

RS sector -34.1% · RS bench -38.4% · 1Y -34.5%

100% evidence

10. Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

43.5/100 · Thin evidence · provisional · 32% evidence

Exact sum: 15.3 + 15.2 + 10 + 3 = 43.5

Decision use: Fill the missing evidence before acting; the ranking is deliberately pulled toward neutral.

15.3/35Growth & earnings

Revenue — · PAT — · OPM change -174201.3 pp

15% evidence

15.2/25Capital efficiency

ROCE 135.7% · debt/equity 0.86×

51% evidence

10.0/20Valuation

P/E — · PEG —

0% evidence

3.0/20Relative strength

RS sector -68.1% · RS bench -73.1% · 1Y -89.2%

70% evidence

11. Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC · PSNY

42.2/100 · Thin evidence · provisional · 32% evidence

Exact sum: 18.5 + 10.5 + 10 + 3.2 = 42.2

Decision use: Fill the missing evidence before acting; the ranking is deliberately pulled toward neutral.

18.5/35Growth & earnings

Revenue — · PAT — · OPM change —

9% evidence

10.5/25Capital efficiency

ROCE -4.8% · debt/equity —

34% evidence

10.0/20Valuation

P/E — · PEG —

0% evidence

3.2/20Relative strength

RS sector -34.5% · RS bench -39.1% · 1Y -55.2%

100% evidence

12. Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

37.7/100 · Thin evidence · provisional · 49% evidence

Exact sum: 14.6 + 11.8 + 10 + 1.3 = 37.7

Decision use: Fill the missing evidence before acting; the ranking is deliberately pulled toward neutral.

14.6/35Growth & earnings

Revenue -43.9% · PAT — · OPM change 29 pp

40% evidence

11.8/25Capital efficiency

ROCE 21.1% · debt/equity 36.8×

60% evidence

10.0/20Valuation

P/E — · PEG —

0% evidence

1.3/20Relative strength

RS sector -37.9% · RS bench -42.4% · 1Y -53.2%

100% evidence

01 · compare level, then change

Revenue Scale & Growth Durability

Ford Motor Company has the highest Revenue among the 12 Auto Manufacturers companies compared here, at $189,861 million. Tesla, Inc. is next at $97,879 million. Lucid Group, Inc. has the highest Revenue growth at 61%, so level and change sit with different companies. 8 of 12 companies report a comparable reading, the latest through Mar 2026.

What the numbers say: Ford Motor Company is the scale leader at $189,861 million, 94% ahead of Tesla, Inc.. Lucid Group, Inc.'s growth is 61% from a $1,401 million base, with 19 reported observations in the 20-quarter window. Treat the growth leader as an acceleration candidate, not as equally proven scale.

LeaderFord Motor Company · $189,861 million
Gap94% versus #2 · Tesla, Inc.
Persistence6/8 recent comparable periods
Coverage8/12 companies · 187 observations

Investor read: Ford Motor Company is the scale benchmark; Lucid Group, Inc. is the acceleration watch. Promote the challenger only if growth persists and converts into margin and returns.

This conclusion weakens if: Ford Motor Company's growth falls below Lucid Group, Inc.'s for two consecutive comparable reports while operating margin also compresses.

Revenue is compared on a common reported-currency basis. Growth is year-on-year, so seasonality does not masquerade as progress.
Revenuelargest
1Ford Motor Company F$189.9B
2Tesla, Inc. TSLA$97.9B
3Ferrari N.V. RACE$7.2B
4Rivian Automotive, Inc. RIVN$5.5B
5Lucid Group, Inc. LCID$1.4B
Revenue growthfastest growers
1Lucid Group, Inc. LCID61%
2LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR17%
3Rivian Automotive, Inc. RIVN10%
4Ferrari N.V. RACE4.7%
5Ford Motor Company F3.8%
Revenue · company comparison
8/12 level · 8/12 change

Solid lines show level; dotted lines show change when “Both” is selected. Missing reports break the line rather than being invented.

All-company data · latest reported quarter

Each figure is the company’s latest single reported quarter. The rankings above use trailing-twelve-month or current-market values, so a company can legitimately show a different number in each.

CompanyRevenueRevenue growthReported
Stellantis N.V. STLA$79.2B10%Mar 2026
General Motors Company GM$43.6B-0.9%Jun 2026
Ford Motor Company F$43.3B6.4%Mar 2026
Tesla, Inc. TSLA$22.4B16%Mar 2026
Ferrari N.V. RACE$1.8B3.2%Mar 2026
Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC PSNY$1.6B45%Dec 2025
Rivian Automotive, Inc. RIVN$1.4B11%Mar 2026
Lucid Group, Inc. LCID$282M20%Mar 2026
Lotus Technology Inc. LOT$163M-40%Dec 2025
LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR$5M67%Mar 2026
Robo.ai Inc. AIIO$0M-100%Dec 2025
Empery Digital Inc. EMPD$0M-200%Mar 2026
Full 20-quarter history · every available company

Revenue · reported quarter history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

$0M
$0M
$1M
$2M
$0M
$1M
$1M
$1M
$0M
$1M
$1M
$1M
$1M
$1M
$0M
$1M
$0M
$-1M
$0M

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

$1.1B
$1.2B
$1.2B
$1.3B
$1.3B
$1.4B
$1.4B
$1.5B
$1.5B
$1.5B
$1.6B
$1.7B
$1.6B
$1.7B
$1.8B
$1.8B
$1.8B
$1.8B
$1.8B

Ford Motor Company · F

$35.7B
$37.7B
$34.5B
$40.2B
$39.4B
$44.0B
$41.5B
$45.0B
$43.8B
$46.0B
$42.8B
$47.8B
$46.2B
$48.2B
$40.7B
$50.2B
$50.5B
$45.9B
$43.3B

General Motors Company · GM

$26.8B
$33.6B
$36.0B
$35.8B
$41.9B
$43.1B
$40.0B
$44.7B
$44.1B
$43.0B
$43.0B
$48.0B
$48.8B
$47.7B
$44.0B
$47.1B
$48.6B
$45.3B
$43.6B

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

$10M
$10M
$13M
$15M
$9M
$8M
$7M
$8M
$15M
$5M
$6M
$4M
$11M
$3M
$6M
$6M
$11M
$5M

Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

$1M
$1M
$1M
$1M
$6M
$19M
$111M
$188M
$361M
$173M
$225M
$255M
$272M
$93M
$126M
$137M
$163M

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

$0M
$26M
$58M
$97M
$195M
$258M
$149M
$151M
$138M
$157M
$173M
$201M
$200M
$234M
$235M
$259M
$337M
$523M
$282M

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC · PSNY

$809M
$1.0B
$1.4B
$1.2B
$1.1B
$909M
$1.1B
$1.4B
$1.6B

Rivian Automotive, Inc. · RIVN

$1M
$54M
$95M
$364M
$536M
$663M
$661M
$1.1B
$1.3B
$1.3B
$1.2B
$1.2B
$874M
$1.7B
$1.2B
$1.3B
$1.6B
$1.3B
$1.4B

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

$1M
$37M
$7M
$5M
$1M
$0M

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

$85.0B
$71.9B
$74.3B
$79.2B

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

$13.8B
$17.7B
$18.8B
$16.9B
$21.5B
$24.3B
$23.3B
$24.9B
$23.4B
$25.2B
$21.3B
$25.5B
$25.2B
$25.7B
$19.3B
$22.5B
$28.1B
$24.9B
$22.4B

Revenue growth · reported quarter history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

0.0%
-50%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
-100%
0.0%
-100%
-200%

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

25%
19%
17%
20%
14%
24%
11%
11%
16%
6.5%
14%
13%
4.4%
7.4%
3.7%
3.2%

Ford Motor Company · F

50%
10%
17%
20%
12%
11%
4.5%
3.1%
6.4%
5.5%
4.9%
-5.0%
5.0%
9.4%
-4.8%
6.4%

General Motors Company · GM

4.7%
56%
28%
11%
25%
5.4%
-0.3%
7.6%
7.2%
10%
11%
2.3%
-1.8%
-0.3%
-5.1%
-0.9%

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

-10%
-20%
-46%
-47%
67%
-38%
-14%
-50%
-27%
-40%
0.0%
50%
0.0%
67%

Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

500%
1,800%
11,000%
18,700%
5,917%
811%
103%
36%
-25%
-46%
-44%
-46%
-40%

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

892%
157%
56%
-29%
-39%
16%
33%
45%
49%
36%
29%
69%
124%
20%

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC · PSNY

37%
95%
73%
19%
-19%
-26%
-0.6%
57%
45%

Rivian Automotive, Inc. · RIVN

1,128%
596%
208%
149%
98%
82%
3.3%
-35%
32%
3.0%
13%
78%
-26%
11%

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

600%
-86%
-86%
-100%

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

-13%
10%

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

42%
56%
37%
24%
47%
8.8%
3.5%
-8.7%
2.3%
7.9%
2.2%
-9.2%
-12%
12%
-3.1%
16%
02 · compare level, then change

Operating Economics & Margin Trend

Ferrari N.V. has the highest OPM among the 12 Auto Manufacturers companies compared here, at 29.7%. General Motors Company is next at 6.7%. LiveWire Group, Inc. has the highest Margin change at +407.9 percentage points, so level and change sit with different companies. 8 of 12 companies report a comparable reading, the latest through Mar 2026.

What the numbers say: Ferrari N.V. leads opm at 29.7%; LiveWire Group, Inc. leads margin change at +407.9 percentage points.

LeaderFerrari N.V. · 29.7%
Gap343.3% versus #2 · General Motors Company
Persistence6/8 recent comparable periods
Coverage8/12 companies · 152 observations

Investor read: Ferrari N.V. sets the level benchmark; use the change leader as an inflection watch only after another comparable report confirms it.

This conclusion weakens if: The next two comparable reports reverse the current margin change signal.

Operating margin compares operating profit with revenue. Improvement is measured in percentage points, not percentage growth.
OPMhighest
1Ferrari N.V. RACE30%
2General Motors Company GM6.7%
3Ford Motor Company F5.4%
4Tesla, Inc. TSLA4.2%
5Lotus Technology Inc. LOT · older report-41%
Margin changefastest expanders
1LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR+407.9 pp
2Lotus Technology Inc. LOT · older report+29.0 pp
3Ford Motor Company F+4.6 pp
4Tesla, Inc. TSLA+2.1 pp
5Ferrari N.V. RACE−0.6 pp
Operating margin · company comparison
8/12 level · 10/12 change

Solid lines show level; dotted lines show change when “Both” is selected. Missing reports break the line rather than being invented.

All-company data · latest reported quarter

Each figure is the company’s latest single reported quarter. The rankings above use trailing-twelve-month or current-market values, so a company can legitimately show a different number in each.

CompanyOPMMargin changeReported
Ferrari N.V. RACE30%−0.6 ppMar 2026
General Motors Company GM6.7%−0.9 ppJun 2026
Ford Motor Company F5.4%+4.6 ppMar 2026
Tesla, Inc. TSLA4.2%+2.1 ppMar 2026
Lotus Technology Inc. LOT-41%+29.0 ppDec 2025
Rivian Automotive, Inc. RIVN-64%−11.0 ppMar 2026
LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR-346%+407.9 ppMar 2026
Lucid Group, Inc. LCID-350%−55.9 ppMar 2026
Empery Digital Inc. EMPD-551%−36,453.0 ppMar 2026
Robo.ai Inc. AIIO-736%−1,74,201.3 ppDec 2025
Full 20-quarter history · every available company

OPM · reported quarter history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

-730%
-419%
-822%
-472%
-950%
-912%
-411%
-588%
-547%
-459%
-551%

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

26%
23%
26%
25%
24%
22%
27%
30%
27%
24%
28%
30%
28%
27%
30%
31%
28%
29%
30%

Ford Motor Company · F

3.8%
2.0%
3.9%
7.1%
1.3%
3.5%
5.1%
5.5%
2.6%
-0.5%
2.9%
3.9%
1.9%
2.6%
0.8%
1.0%
3.1%
-25%
5.4%

General Motors Company · GM

6.1%
4.5%
6.1%
5.9%
8.1%
6.1%
6.4%
6.2%
6.8%
2.1%
8.7%
8.1%
7.5%
3.2%
7.6%
4.5%
2.2%
-8.1%
6.7%

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

-186%
-151%
-155%
-143%
-313%
-321%
-455%
-311%
-224%
-611%
-437%
-597%
-235%
-753%
-311%
-330%
-156%
-346%

Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

-846%
-165%
-87%
-63%
-135%
-91%
-63%
-70%
-111%
-128%
-68%
-41%

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

-575%
-352%
-291%
-517%
-555%
-546%
-469%
-423%
-393%
-385%
-313%
-294%
-310%
-280%
-204%
-350%

Rivian Automotive, Inc. · RIVN

-469%
-331%
-271%
-217%
-115%
-108%
-120%
-123%
-119%
-134%
-38%
-53%
-86%
-63%
-65%
-64%

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

-445%
-239%
-736%

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

15%
15%
19%
15%
17%
16%
11%
9.6%
7.6%
8.2%
5.5%
6.3%
11%
6.2%
2.1%
4.1%
5.8%
5.7%
4.2%

Margin change · reported quarter history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

+4,772.0 pp
+2,899.6 pp
+258.1 pp
−530.7 pp
+1,074.4 pp
−89.6 pp
+61.4 pp
+361.9 pp
+811.5 pp
+364.8 pp
−48.4 pp
+36.9 pp
−16,260.7 pp
+17,551.3 pp
−36,453.0 pp

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

−1.5 pp
−1.8 pp
−0.8 pp
+1.0 pp
+4.7 pp
+3.5 pp
+2.6 pp
+1.0 pp
+0.2 pp
+1.0 pp
+2.6 pp
+2.4 pp
+1.0 pp
0.0 pp
+1.5 pp
−0.6 pp

Ford Motor Company · F

+7.2 pp
−2.5 pp
+1.5 pp
+1.2 pp
−1.6 pp
+1.3 pp
−4.0 pp
−2.2 pp
−1.6 pp
−0.7 pp
+3.1 pp
−2.1 pp
−2.9 pp
+1.2 pp
−27.8 pp
+4.6 pp

General Motors Company · GM

−2.5 pp
+2.0 pp
+1.6 pp
+0.3 pp
+0.3 pp
−1.3 pp
−4.0 pp
+2.3 pp
+1.9 pp
+0.7 pp
+1.1 pp
−1.1 pp
−3.6 pp
−5.3 pp
−11.3 pp
−0.9 pp

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

−127.1 pp
−170.0 pp
−300.4 pp
−168.3 pp
+89.6 pp
−290.2 pp
+18.5 pp
−285.5 pp
−10.9 pp
−142.3 pp
+125.7 pp
+266.7 pp
+78.4 pp
+407.9 pp

Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

−1,070.8 pp
+6,774.6 pp
+7,455.9 pp
+11,775.0 pp
+5,974.4 pp
+711.2 pp
+73.9 pp
+24.2 pp
−6.3 pp
+23.8 pp
−37.0 pp
−5.4 pp
+29.0 pp

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

+1,42,482.5 pp
+2,13,894.2 pp
+1,549.4 pp
+519.3 pp
+19.3 pp
−194.5 pp
−178.0 pp
+94.1 pp
+162.6 pp
+161.1 pp
+156.3 pp
+128.2 pp
+83.1 pp
+105.3 pp
+108.9 pp
−55.9 pp

Rivian Automotive, Inc. · RIVN

+77,269.0 pp
+4,273.7 pp
+1,445.3 pp
+354.6 pp
+223.3 pp
+150.5 pp
+93.5 pp
−4.1 pp
−26.1 pp
+82.1 pp
+70.5 pp
+33.2 pp
+70.7 pp
−26.7 pp
−11.0 pp

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

+8,046.6 pp
−1,161.4 pp
−497.1 pp
−1,74,201.3 pp

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

+3.6 pp
+2.6 pp
+1.3 pp
−7.8 pp
−5.0 pp
−9.6 pp
−7.8 pp
−5.9 pp
−3.3 pp
+3.2 pp
−2.0 pp
−3.4 pp
−2.2 pp
−5.0 pp
−0.5 pp
+2.1 pp
03 · compare level, then change

Profit Scale & Acceleration

Tesla, Inc. has the highest Net profit among the 12 Auto Manufacturers companies compared here, at $3,926 million. Ferrari N.V. is next at $1,601 million. Ferrari N.V. has the highest Profit growth at 0.9%, so level and change sit with different companies. 8 of 12 companies report a comparable reading, the latest through Mar 2026.

What the numbers say: Tesla, Inc. leads with $3,926 million of TTM profit, 145.2% above Ferrari N.V.. Ferrari N.V. shows 0.9% growth from a $1,601 million profit base. Compare the size of the base and persistence before ranking acceleration above profit scale.

LeaderTesla, Inc. · $3,926 million
Gap145.2% versus #2 · Ferrari N.V.
Persistence2/8 recent comparable periods
Coverage8/12 companies · 191 observations

Investor read: Tesla, Inc. sets the level benchmark; use the change leader as an inflection watch only after another comparable report confirms it.

This conclusion weakens if: The next two comparable reports reverse the current profit growth signal.

Net profit is the residual after operating costs, interest and tax. Growth off a loss or near-zero base is excluded from the fastest-grower rank.
Net profitlargest
1Tesla, Inc. TSLA$3.9B
2Ferrari N.V. RACE$1.6B
3LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR$-74M
4Empery Digital Inc. EMPD$-233M
5Lotus Technology Inc. LOT · older report$-466M
Profit growthfastest growers
1Ferrari N.V. RACE1.0%
2Tesla, Inc. TSLA-36%
3Ford Motor Company F-221%
Net profit · company comparison
8/12 level · 3/12 change

Solid lines show level; dotted lines show change when “Both” is selected. Missing reports break the line rather than being invented.

All-company data · latest reported quarter

Each figure is the company’s latest single reported quarter. The rankings above use trailing-twelve-month or current-market values, so a company can legitimately show a different number in each.

CompanyNet profitProfit growthReported
General Motors Company GM$2.7B-5.2%Jun 2026
Ford Motor Company F$2.6B439%Mar 2026
Tesla, Inc. TSLA$491M17%Mar 2026
Ferrari N.V. RACE$413M0.2%Mar 2026
LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR$-18M-333%Mar 2026
Lotus Technology Inc. LOT$-83MDec 2025
Empery Digital Inc. EMPD$-85MMar 2026
Robo.ai Inc. AIIO$-165MDec 2025
Rivian Automotive, Inc. RIVN$-416MMar 2026
Lucid Group, Inc. LCID$-1.0BMar 2026
Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC PSNY$-1.2B-3,600%Dec 2025
Stellantis N.V. STLA$-20.1B-140%Mar 2026
Full 20-quarter history · every available company

Net profit · reported quarter history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

$-6M
$-15M
$-9M
$-10M
$-8M
$-8M
$-7M
$-23M
$-11M
$-3M
$-26M
$-1M
$-14M
$-5M
$-2M
$-4M
$-35M
$-109M
$-85M

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

$207M
$215M
$239M
$251M
$228M
$222M
$297M
$334M
$332M
$294M
$352M
$413M
$375M
$386M
$412M
$425M
$382M
$381M
$413M

Ford Motor Company · F

$1.8B
$12.3B
$-3.1B
$638M
$-930M
$1.3B
$1.7B
$2.0B
$1.2B
$-523M
$1.3B
$1.8B
$896M
$1.8B
$473M
$-29M
$2.4B
$-11.1B
$2.6B

General Motors Company · GM

$2.4B
$1.8B
$2.8B
$1.6B
$3.3B
$2.0B
$2.3B
$2.5B
$3.0B
$2.0B
$3.0B
$2.9B
$3.0B
$-2.9B
$2.9B
$1.9B
$1.3B
$-3.3B
$2.7B

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

$9M
$-18M
$-16M
$-20M
$-21M
$-22M
$-21M
$-41M
$-15M
$-33M
$-24M
$-25M
$-23M
$-23M
$-19M
$-19M
$-19M
$-18M
$-18M

Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

$-68M
$-103M
$-103M
$-159M
$-356M
$-159M
$-193M
$-174M
$-223M
$-258M
$-202M
$-206M
$-441M
$-182M
$-135M
$-66M
$-83M

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

$-524M
$-1.0B
$-81M
$-220M
$-530M
$-473M
$-780M
$-764M
$-631M
$-654M
$-681M
$-643M
$-992M
$-397M
$-366M
$-539M
$-978M
$-814M
$-1.0B

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC · PSNY

$-639M
$-503M
$24M
$-342M
$-840M
$-544M
$-1.5B
$-1.2B
$-1.2B

Rivian Automotive, Inc. · RIVN

$-1.2B
$-2.5B
$-1.6B
$-1.7B
$-1.7B
$-1.7B
$-1.3B
$-1.2B
$-1.4B
$-1.5B
$-1.4B
$-1.5B
$-1.1B
$-743M
$-541M
$-1.1B
$-1.2B
$-804M
$-416M

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

$-6M
$-9M
$-32M
$-69M
$-197M
$-32M
$-140M
$-2M
$-165M

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

$5.6B
$-127M
$-2.3B
$-20.1B

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

$1.7B
$2.3B
$3.3B
$2.3B
$3.3B
$3.7B
$2.5B
$2.6B
$1.9B
$7.9B
$1.4B
$1.4B
$2.2B
$2.1B
$420M
$1.2B
$1.4B
$856M
$491M

Profit growth · reported quarter history

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

22%
10%
3.3%
24%
33%
46%
32%
19%
24%
13%
31%
17%
2.9%
1.9%
-1.3%
0.2%

Ford Motor Company · F

15%
-151%
-90%
216%
-142%
-20%
-9.1%
-24%
-65%
-102%
173%
-704%
439%

General Motors Company · GM

-41%
36%
14%
-16%
53%
-7.9%
-0.7%
26%
15%
0.5%
-244%
-3.4%
-34%
-57%
-5.2%

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

-333%

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC · PSNY

-3,600%

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

-140%

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

93%
101%
58%
-23%
15%
-44%
114%
-45%
-46%
17%
-73%
-70%
-16%
-37%
-60%
17%
04 · compare level, then change

Capacity Spending & Returns On It

Stellantis N.V. has the highest CAPEX among the 12 Auto Manufacturers companies compared here, at $3,540 million. Tesla, Inc. is next at $2,493 million. Lucid Group, Inc. has the highest CAPEX intensity at 89.7%, so level and change sit with different companies. 12 of 12 companies report a comparable reading, the latest through Mar 2026.

What the numbers say: Stellantis N.V. reports $3,540 million of CAPEX; Lucid Group, Inc. has the highest covered intensity at 89.7%. Coverage is only 12 of 12 companies and 188 reported observations, so this is partial evidence—not a complete sector rank.

LeaderStellantis N.V. · $3,540 million
Gap42% versus #2 · Tesla, Inc.
Persistence4/4 recent comparable periods
Coverage12/12 companies · 188 observations

Investor read: Use the CAPEX rank as a diligence queue. Verify commissioning, utilization, cash conversion and post-investment ROCE before treating spend as value creation.

This conclusion weakens if: CAPEX rises without higher utilization, operating cash flow or incremental returns.

CAPEX is cash spent on property, plant, equipment and other reported capital assets. CAPEX intensity divides that spend by revenue; high intensity is a reinvestment signal, not proof that the reinvestment will earn attractive returns.
CAPEXlargest spenders
1Stellantis N.V. STLA$3.5B
2Tesla, Inc. TSLA$2.5B
3Ford Motor Company F$2.4B
4General Motors Company GM$1.9B
5Rivian Automotive, Inc. RIVN$372M
CAPEX intensityhighest reinvestment intensity
1Lucid Group, Inc. LCID90%
2Rivian Automotive, Inc. RIVN27%
3LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR20%
4Tesla, Inc. TSLA11%
5Lotus Technology Inc. LOT · older report8.0%
Capital expenditure · company comparison
12/12 level · 12/12 change

Solid lines show level; dotted lines show change when “Both” is selected. Missing reports break the line rather than being invented.

All-company data · latest reported quarter

Each figure is the company’s latest single reported quarter. The rankings above use trailing-twelve-month or current-market values, so a company can legitimately show a different number in each.

CompanyCAPEXCAPEX intensityReported
Stellantis N.V. STLA$3.5B4.5%Mar 2026
Tesla, Inc. TSLA$2.5B11%Mar 2026
Ford Motor Company F$2.4B5.5%Mar 2026
General Motors Company GM$1.9B3.5%Jun 2026
Rivian Automotive, Inc. RIVN$372M27%Mar 2026
Lucid Group, Inc. LCID$253M90%Mar 2026
Ferrari N.V. RACE$135M7.3%Mar 2026
Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC PSNY$71M4.3%Dec 2025
Lotus Technology Inc. LOT$13M8.0%Dec 2025
LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR$1M20%Mar 2026
Robo.ai Inc. AIIO$0M0.0%Dec 2025
Empery Digital Inc. EMPD$0M0.0%Mar 2026
Full 20-quarter history · every available company

CAPEX · reported quarter history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M
$0M

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

$100M
$126M
$39M
$52M
$95M
$161M
$42M
$74M
$96M
$170M
$82M
$135M
$125M
$141M
$109M
$120M
$116M
$140M
$135M

Ford Motor Company · F

$1.6B
$1.8B
$1.4B
$1.7B
$1.7B
$2.1B
$1.8B
$1.9B
$2.2B
$2.3B
$2.1B
$2.1B
$2.0B
$2.5B
$1.8B
$2.1B
$2.1B
$2.8B
$2.4B

General Motors Company · GM

$1.9B
$3.2B
$1.7B
$2.2B
$2.1B
$3.3B
$2.4B
$2.3B
$2.6B
$3.7B
$2.8B
$2.6B
$2.2B
$3.2B
$1.8B
$2.1B
$2.1B
$3.2B
$1.5B
$1.9B

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

$3M
$3M
$2M
$3M
$3M
$5M
$5M
$4M
$3M
$2M
$3M
$2M
$2M
$1M
$1M
$1M
$1M
$1M
$1M

Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

$26M
$22M
$22M
$38M
$51M
$57M
$57M
$46M
$214M
$25M
$25M
$4M
$4M
$26M
$26M
$13M
$13M

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

$93M
$122M
$185M
$310M
$290M
$290M
$242M
$204M
$193M
$273M
$198M
$234M
$160M
$292M
$161M
$183M
$199M
$325M
$253M

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC · PSNY

$13M
$2M
$31M
$43M
$94M
$84M
$64M
$88M
$71M

Rivian Automotive, Inc. · RIVN

$467M
$456M
$418M
$359M
$298M
$294M
$283M
$255M
$190M
$298M
$254M
$283M
$277M
$327M
$338M
$462M
$447M
$463M
$372M

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

$1M
$2M
$4M
$0M
$0M

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

$5.7B
$5.4B
$4.4B
$3.5B

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

$1.8B
$1.8B
$1.8B
$1.7B
$1.8B
$1.9B
$2.1B
$2.1B
$2.5B
$2.3B
$2.8B
$2.3B
$3.5B
$2.8B
$1.5B
$2.4B
$2.2B
$2.4B
$2.5B

CAPEX intensity · reported quarter history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

9.5%
11%
3.3%
4.0%
7.6%
12%
2.9%
5.0%
6.2%
11%
5.2%
7.9%
7.6%
8.1%
6.1%
6.7%
6.6%
7.8%
7.3%

Ford Motor Company · F

4.4%
4.7%
4.0%
4.2%
4.4%
4.7%
4.3%
4.3%
5.1%
5.0%
4.9%
4.4%
4.3%
5.2%
4.5%
4.2%
4.2%
6.1%
5.5%

General Motors Company · GM

6.9%
9.5%
4.6%
6.1%
5.0%
7.7%
6.1%
5.0%
5.8%
8.6%
6.5%
5.4%
4.6%
6.8%
4.1%
4.5%
4.4%
7.1%
3.5%

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

30%
20%
23%
20%
56%
63%
57%
38%
13%
60%
33%
50%
9.1%
33%
17%
17%
9.1%
20%

Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

2,600%
2,200%
2,200%
3,800%
850%
300%
51%
25%
59%
15%
11%
1.6%
1.5%
28%
21%
9.5%
8.0%

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

469%
319%
320%
149%
112%
162%
135%
140%
174%
115%
116%
80%
125%
69%
71%
59%
62%
90%

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC · PSNY

1.6%
0.2%
2.2%
3.5%
8.3%
9.2%
5.7%
6.2%
4.3%

Rivian Automotive, Inc. · RIVN

46,700%
844%
440%
99%
56%
44%
43%
23%
14%
23%
21%
24%
32%
19%
27%
36%
29%
36%
27%

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

200%
11%
0.0%
0.0%

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

6.7%
7.5%
6.0%
4.5%

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

13%
10%
9.4%
10%
8.4%
7.6%
8.9%
8.3%
11%
9.2%
13%
8.9%
14%
11%
7.7%
11%
8.0%
9.6%
11%
Annual capital allocation · 6-year view
12/12 capacity base · 12/12 OCF · 12/12 CAPEX · 12/12 FCF

Capacity base is net fixed assets plus capital work in progress, straight off the reported balance sheet. It is not cash spent, so it answers a narrower question than CAPEX — but it is reported for companies whose cash-flow CAPEX is not published, which is why it leads here. Missing years remain blank; annual values are never relabelled as quarters.

Full annual capacity base, operating cash flow, CAPEX and free cash flow history

Capacity base · net fixed assets + CWIP · fiscal-year history

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

$1.4B
$1.5B
$1.6B
$1.8B
$2.1B

Ford Motor Company · F

$63.5B
$60.0B
$62.2B
$64.9B
$65.8B

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

$1.3B
$2.4B
$3.0B
$3.5B
$4.2B

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

$0M
$7M
$12M
$9M
$0M

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

$37.7B
$45.0B
$43.0B

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

$31.2B
$36.6B
$45.1B
$51.5B
$56.2B

Operating cash flow · fiscal-year history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

$-24M
$-34M
$-30M
$-16M
$-18M

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

$1.3B
$1.4B
$1.7B
$1.9B
$2.3B

Ford Motor Company · F

$15.8B
$6.9B
$14.9B
$15.4B
$21.3B

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

$-75M
$-90M
$-83M
$-94M
$-54M

Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

$-127M
$-351M
$-387M
$-849M
$-334M

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

$-1.1B
$-2.2B
$-2.5B
$-2.0B
$-2.9B

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

$-6M
$-178M
$-138M
$34M
$-5M

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

$20.0B
$18.0B
$1.5B
$-4.7B

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

$11.5B
$14.7B
$13.3B
$14.9B
$14.7B

CAPEX · reported cash flow · fiscal-year history

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

$352M
$348M
$382M
$482M
$485M

Ford Motor Company · F

$6.2B
$6.9B
$8.2B
$8.7B
$8.8B

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

$421M
$1.1B
$911M
$884M
$868M

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

$1M
$6M
$0M

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

$8.6B
$10.2B
$11.1B
$8.0B

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

$6.5B
$7.2B
$8.9B
$11.3B
$8.5B

Free cash flow · fiscal-year history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

$-25M
$-34M
$-31M
$-16M
$-18M

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

$930M
$1.1B
$1.3B
$1.4B
$1.9B

Ford Motor Company · F

$9.6B
$-13M
$6.7B
$6.7B
$12.5B

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

$-84M
$-104M
$-97M
$-102M
$-57M

Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

$-161M
$-485M
$-601M
$-906M
$-413M

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

$-1.5B
$-3.3B
$-3.4B
$-2.9B
$-3.8B

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

$-6M
$-179M
$-144M
$33M
$-5M

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

$11.3B
$7.8B
$-9.5B
$-12.6B

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

$5.0B
$7.6B
$4.4B
$3.6B
$6.2B
05 · compare level, then change

Debt Load & Balance-Sheet Headroom

Robo.ai Inc. has the lowest Gross debt among the 12 Auto Manufacturers companies compared here, at $27 million. Empery Digital Inc. is next at $46 million. Tesla, Inc. has the lowest Net debt at $35,514 million net cash, so level and change sit with different companies. 10 of 12 companies report a comparable reading, the latest through Dec 2025.

What the numbers say: Tesla, Inc. has the clearest covered balance-sheet capacity with $35,514 million net cash and gross debt of $9,229 million. Absolute debt alone does not identify the strongest balance sheet because company scale differs; net debt and debt-to-equity carry more information.

LeaderRobo.ai Inc. · $27 million
Gap41.3% versus #2 · Empery Digital Inc.
Persistence3/8 recent comparable periods
Coverage10/12 companies · 178 observations

Investor read: Prioritize net-cash capacity and leverage relative to operating scale, not the smallest absolute rupee debt.

This conclusion weakens if: Net debt rises faster than revenue and profit for two consecutive reported periods.

Gross debt shows contractual borrowings. Net debt subtracts reported cash; a negative value means net cash. Lower debt can create capacity, but should be read against the scale and capital intensity of the business.
Gross debtlowest gross debt
1Robo.ai Inc. AIIO · older report$27M
2Empery Digital Inc. EMPD$46M
3LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR$75M
4Lotus Technology Inc. LOT · older report$1.8B
5Lucid Group, Inc. LCID$2.9B
Net debtlowest net debt
1Tesla, Inc. TSLA$-35.5B
2LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR$8M
3Robo.ai Inc. AIIO · older report$22M
4Empery Digital Inc. EMPD$38M
5Rivian Automotive, Inc. RIVN$192M
Debt and balance-sheet capacity · company comparison
10/12 level · 10/12 change

Solid lines show level; dotted lines show change when “Both” is selected. Missing reports break the line rather than being invented.

All-company data · latest reported quarter

Each figure is the company’s latest single reported quarter. The rankings above use trailing-twelve-month or current-market values, so a company can legitimately show a different number in each.

CompanyGross debtNet debtReported
Ford Motor Company F$206.3B$173.2BMar 2026
General Motors Company GM$127.7B$103.0BJun 2026
Tesla, Inc. TSLA$9.2B$-35.5BMar 2026
Rivian Automotive, Inc. RIVN$5.0B$192MMar 2026
Ferrari N.V. RACE$2.9B$1.0BMar 2026
Lucid Group, Inc. LCID$2.9B$2.2BMar 2026
Lotus Technology Inc. LOT$1.8B$1.8BDec 2025
LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR$75M$8MMar 2026
Empery Digital Inc. EMPD$46M$38MMar 2026
Robo.ai Inc. AIIO$27M$22MDec 2025
Full 20-quarter history · every available company

Gross debt · reported quarter history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

$4M
$2M
$2M
$1M
$17M
$19M
$21M
$30M
$31M
$31M
$1M
$2M
$1M
$1M
$1M
$1M
$51M
$101M
$46M

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

$2.6B
$2.6B
$2.7B
$2.8B
$2.9B
$2.8B
$2.7B
$2.7B
$2.5B
$2.5B
$2.6B
$3.1B
$3.1B
$3.4B
$3.3B
$3.2B
$2.9B
$2.9B
$2.9B

Ford Motor Company · F

$144.6B
$138.1B
$135.6B
$109.5B
$128.3B
$139.0B
$139.3B
$143.2B
$142.7B
$149.2B
$149.4B
$150.9B
$157.3B
$158.5B
$155.3B
$157.7B
$161.9B
$163.3B
$206.3B

General Motors Company · GM

$109.0B
$109.4B
$109.8B
$110.4B
$112.6B
$114.7B
$114.4B
$118.0B
$118.9B
$121.7B
$122.2B
$126.4B
$127.9B
$129.7B
$132.7B
$135.7B
$132.5B
$130.3B
$127.8B
$127.7B

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

$9M
$9M
$3M
$3M
$0M
$3M
$3M
$3M
$2M
$2M
$2M
$1M
$1M
$1M
$1M
$1M
$1M
$76M
$75M

Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

$218M
$218M
$604M
$648M
$1.0B
$1.0B
$924M
$904M
$736M
$889M
$1.1B
$1.2B
$1.4B
$1.5B
$1.7B
$1.8B

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

$8M
$2.0B
$2.0B
$2.0B
$2.1B
$2.1B
$2.1B
$2.1B
$2.1B
$2.1B
$2.1B
$2.1B
$2.1B
$2.2B
$2.1B
$2.2B
$2.2B
$2.9B
$2.9B

Rivian Automotive, Inc. · RIVN

$3.1B
$1.4B
$1.5B
$1.5B
$1.5B
$1.5B
$3.0B
$3.0B
$3.0B
$4.8B
$4.8B
$5.9B
$5.8B
$4.8B
$4.9B
$4.9B
$5.0B
$5.0B
$5.0B

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

$32M
$27M
$28M
$26M
$22M
$24M
$21M
$17M
$27M

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

$8.2B
$6.8B
$4.8B
$4.4B
$3.6B
$3.1B
$2.7B
$2.3B
$4.4B
$5.2B
$5.4B
$7.7B
$7.7B
$8.2B
$7.5B
$7.2B
$7.7B
$8.4B
$9.2B

Net debt · reported quarter history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

$1M
$-4M
$-12M
$-4M
$-4M
$7M
$16M
$21M
$28M
$23M
$-3M
$0M
$-5M
$-1M
$-17M
$-13M
$30M
$90M
$38M

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

$1.3B
$1.3B
$1.1B
$1.5B
$1.5B
$1.3B
$1.2B
$1.5B
$1.4B
$1.3B
$1.2B
$1.7B
$1.5B
$1.6B
$1.4B
$1.5B
$1.3B
$1.3B
$1.0B

Ford Motor Company · F

$98.1B
$88.5B
$94.4B
$72.8B
$88.2B
$94.9B
$99.8B
$100.4B
$101.5B
$109.1B
$115.0B
$116.3B
$120.4B
$120.2B
$120.0B
$120.2B
$119.8B
$124.8B
$173.2B

General Motors Company · GM

$85.0B
$80.7B
$83.5B
$83.6B
$82.3B
$83.4B
$86.2B
$85.4B
$84.0B
$95.3B
$96.8B
$95.6B
$95.6B
$102.6B
$105.2B
$106.4B
$102.8B
$102.6B
$103.3B
$103.0B

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

$6M
$6M
$-403M
$-403M
$0M
$-262M
$-233M
$-213M
$-198M
$-166M
$-139M
$-112M
$-87M
$-63M
$-45M
$-28M
$-15M
$-7M
$8M

Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

$-313M
$-313M
$-121M
$-89M
$461M
$461M
$507M
$485M
$316M
$620M
$908M
$1.1B
$1.3B
$1.4B
$1.6B
$1.8B

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

$-4.8B
$-4.3B
$-3.4B
$-2.3B
$-1.3B
$-1.8B
$-896M
$-3.2B
$-2.3B
$-1.8B
$-1.9B
$-1.1B
$-1.4B
$-1.8B
$-1.5B
$-603M
$-113M
$1.3B
$2.2B

Rivian Automotive, Inc. · RIVN

$-2.0B
$-16.7B
$-14.9B
$-13.4B
$-11.8B
$-10.0B
$-8.2B
$-7.2B
$-6.1B
$-4.6B
$-3.1B
$-2.0B
$-910M
$-2.9B
$-2.3B
$-2.6B
$-2.1B
$-1.1B
$192M

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

$32M
$27M
$-184M
$-49M
$-3M
$22M
$19M
$15M
$22M

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

$-7.9B
$-10.9B
$-13.2B
$-14.5B
$-17.6B
$-19.1B
$-19.7B
$-20.7B
$-21.7B
$-23.9B
$-21.5B
$-23.0B
$-26.0B
$-28.4B
$-29.5B
$-29.6B
$-33.9B
$-35.7B
$-35.5B
06 · compare level, then change

Return On Capital Employed

Robo.ai Inc. has the highest ROCE among the 12 Auto Manufacturers companies compared here, at 135.7%. Lotus Technology Inc. is next at 21.1%. Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC has the highest ROCE change at +3.2 percentage points, so level and change sit with different companies. 12 of 12 companies report a comparable reading, the latest through Dec 2025.

What the numbers say: Robo.ai Inc. leads ROCE at 135.7%, 114.6 percentage points above Lotus Technology Inc.. Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC has the strongest latest improvement at +3.2 percentage points. Read the leader beside the density of its reported history: a sparse high return is a candidate; a repeated high return is evidence of durability.

LeaderRobo.ai Inc. · 135.7%
Gap543.1% versus #2 · Lotus Technology Inc.
Persistence2/7 recent comparable periods
Coverage12/12 companies · 205 observations

Investor read: Robo.ai Inc. sets the level benchmark; use the change leader as an inflection watch only after another comparable report confirms it.

This conclusion weakens if: The next two comparable reports reverse the current roce change signal.

ROCE asks how much operating return the business earns on the capital employed. Direction matters, but a single exceptional year should not be mistaken for durability.
ROCEhighest
1Robo.ai Inc. AIIO · older report136%
2Lotus Technology Inc. LOT · older report21%
3Ferrari N.V. RACE6.1%
4Ford Motor Company F1.3%
5Tesla, Inc. TSLA0.9%
ROCE changefastest improvers
1Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC PSNY · older report+3.2 pp
2Ford Motor Company F+1.1 pp
3Stellantis N.V. STLA+1.1 pp
4Tesla, Inc. TSLA+0.4 pp
5General Motors Company GM−0.3 pp
Return on capital · company comparison
12/12 level · 12/12 change

Solid lines show level; dotted lines show change when “Both” is selected. Missing reports break the line rather than being invented.

All-company data · latest reported quarter

Each figure is the company’s latest single reported quarter. The rankings above use trailing-twelve-month or current-market values, so a company can legitimately show a different number in each.

CompanyROCEROCE changeReported
Robo.ai Inc. AIIO136%−18.7 ppDec 2025
Lotus Technology Inc. LOT21%−85.3 ppDec 2025
Ferrari N.V. RACE6.1%−0.5 ppMar 2026
Ford Motor Company F1.3%+1.1 ppMar 2026
Tesla, Inc. TSLA0.9%+0.4 ppMar 2026
General Motors Company GM0.8%−0.3 ppJun 2026
Stellantis N.V. STLA0.6%+1.1 ppMar 2026
Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC PSNY-4.8%+3.2 ppDec 2025
Rivian Automotive, Inc. RIVN-7.5%−2.5 ppMar 2026
Lucid Group, Inc. LCID-16%−6.8 ppMar 2026
LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR-17%−3.0 ppMar 2026
Empery Digital Inc. EMPD-73%−53.6 ppMar 2026
Full 20-quarter history · every available company

ROCE · reported quarter history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

-171%
-171%
-58%
-103%
-92%
-124%
-75%
69%
173%
117%
-23,877%
80%
171%
59%
-19%
-33%
-16%
-70%
-73%

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

4.9%
4.6%
5.3%
5.5%
4.8%
4.7%
5.8%
6.6%
6.2%
5.4%
6.1%
6.9%
6.3%
6.0%
6.6%
6.7%
6.1%
5.9%
6.1%

Ford Motor Company · F

0.8%
0.4%
0.8%
1.8%
0.3%
1.0%
1.3%
1.5%
0.7%
-0.1%
0.7%
1.1%
0.5%
0.7%
0.2%
0.3%
0.9%
-6.6%
1.3%

General Motors Company · GM

1.0%
0.9%
1.3%
1.2%
2.0%
1.5%
1.5%
1.6%
1.7%
0.5%
2.1%
2.1%
1.9%
0.8%
1.8%
1.1%
0.6%
-2.0%
1.5%
0.8%

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

0.0%
-8.5%
-7.1%
-8.7%
-9.9%
-16%
-6.7%
-9.0%
-7.9%
-13%
-12%
-13%
-14%
-15%
-14%
-15%
-18%
-15%
-17%

Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

0.0%
-12%
-27%
-70%
-233%
-263%
-61%
-171%
-48%
-51%
-63%
106%
-24%
-47%
-310%
21%

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

-13%
-11%
-13%
-13%
-12%
-10%
-12%
-11%
-11%
-10%
-10%
-10%
-10%
-9.2%
-8.8%
-11%
-13%
-15%
-16%

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC · PSNY

-5.4%
-6.3%
-5.0%
-12%
-3.1%
-6.4%
-3.0%
-3.8%
-3.4%
-19%
-5.6%
-3.1%
-7.6%
-8.0%
-11%
-6.8%
-4.8%
-4.8%

Rivian Automotive, Inc. · RIVN

-14%
-20%
-12%
-14%
-15%
-9.9%
-8.0%
-7.7%
-9.4%
-11%
-10%
-9.7%
-8.9%
-4.8%
-5.0%
-8.6%
-8.2%
-6.8%
-7.5%

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

19%
21%
-14%
-35%
-312%
-516%
154%
125%
136%

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

0.0%
0.0%
-1.1%
-1.1%
-0.5%
-3.8%
-9.5%
-9.5%
0.6%

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

5.6%
6.5%
8.7%
5.8%
8.2%
8.0%
5.1%
4.4%
3.0%
3.1%
1.7%
2.2%
3.5%
1.9%
0.5%
1.0%
1.7%
1.4%
0.9%

ROCE change · reported quarter history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

+79.4 pp
+46.9 pp
−17.3 pp
+171.6 pp
+265.0 pp
+240.6 pp
−23,802.1 pp
+11.2 pp
−2.3 pp
−57.2 pp
+23,858.3 pp
−113.2 pp
−186.4 pp
−129.5 pp
−53.6 pp

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

−0.1 pp
+0.1 pp
+0.5 pp
+1.1 pp
+1.4 pp
+0.7 pp
+0.3 pp
+0.3 pp
+0.1 pp
+0.6 pp
+0.5 pp
−0.2 pp
−0.2 pp
−0.1 pp
−0.5 pp

Ford Motor Company · F

−0.5 pp
+0.6 pp
+0.5 pp
−0.3 pp
+0.4 pp
−1.1 pp
−0.6 pp
−0.4 pp
−0.2 pp
+0.8 pp
−0.5 pp
−0.8 pp
+0.4 pp
−7.3 pp
+1.1 pp

General Motors Company · GM

+1.0 pp
+0.6 pp
+0.2 pp
+0.4 pp
−0.3 pp
−1.0 pp
+0.6 pp
+0.5 pp
+0.2 pp
+0.3 pp
−0.3 pp
−1.0 pp
−1.3 pp
−2.8 pp
−0.3 pp
−0.3 pp

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

−9.9 pp
−7.9 pp
+0.4 pp
−0.3 pp
+2.0 pp
+3.8 pp
−5.7 pp
−3.9 pp
−5.6 pp
−2.3 pp
−1.7 pp
−1.8 pp
−4.6 pp
+0.2 pp
−3.0 pp

Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

−27.4 pp
−57.9 pp
−33.4 pp
−101.7 pp
+185.7 pp
+212.6 pp
−2.3 pp
+277.6 pp
+23.7 pp
+3.8 pp
−247.2 pp
−85.3 pp

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

+1.1 pp
+0.8 pp
+1.5 pp
+1.9 pp
+0.7 pp
+0.2 pp
+1.5 pp
+1.2 pp
+0.7 pp
+1.0 pp
+1.5 pp
−1.0 pp
−3.3 pp
−5.8 pp
−6.8 pp

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC · PSNY

+2.3 pp
−0.1 pp
+2.0 pp
+8.3 pp
−0.3 pp
−12.2 pp
−2.6 pp
+0.7 pp
−4.2 pp
+10.6 pp
−5.4 pp
−3.7 pp
+2.8 pp
+3.2 pp

Rivian Automotive, Inc. · RIVN

−1.0 pp
+9.8 pp
+4.4 pp
+6.5 pp
+5.2 pp
−0.7 pp
−2.1 pp
−2.0 pp
+0.5 pp
+5.8 pp
+5.1 pp
+1.1 pp
+0.7 pp
−2.0 pp
−2.5 pp

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

−33.5 pp
−56.7 pp
−297.6 pp
−480.4 pp
+466.1 pp
+640.5 pp
−18.7 pp

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

−1.1 pp
−1.1 pp
−8.4 pp
−8.4 pp
+1.1 pp

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

+2.6 pp
+1.5 pp
−3.6 pp
−1.4 pp
−5.2 pp
−4.9 pp
−3.4 pp
−2.2 pp
+0.5 pp
−1.2 pp
−1.2 pp
−1.2 pp
−1.8 pp
−0.5 pp
+0.4 pp
07 · compare level, then change

Valuation Against Growth & Quality

Tesla, Inc. has the lowest Guarded PEG among the 12 Auto Manufacturers companies compared here, at 3.73×. Ferrari N.V. is next at 5.95×. Empery Digital Inc. has the lowest P/E at 0.02×, so level and change sit with different companies. 2 of 12 companies report a comparable reading, the latest through Mar 2026.

What the numbers say: Tesla, Inc. has the lowest comparable Guarded PEG at 3.73×, 37.3% below Ferrari N.V.. Only 2 of 12 companies pass the guard, so no broad “cheapest stock” conclusion is defensible unless the current multiple, own-history position and growth durability agree.

LeaderTesla, Inc. · 3.73×
Gap37.3% versus #2 · Ferrari N.V.
Persistence0/8 recent comparable periods
Coverage2/12 companies · 28 observations

Investor read: Treat valuation as permission to investigate, never as a standalone reason to buy.

This conclusion weakens if: The next two comparable reports reverse the current p/e signal.

PEG is shown only when earnings are positive and three-year EPS growth is between 5% and 60%. It is recomputed consistently as the trailing P/E divided by that growth rate — reported earnings, never an expected-earnings multiple. On Indian companies it is shown only where the two data sources reconciled. A missing PEG is more honest than a low-base fiction.
Guarded PEGlowest PEG
1Tesla, Inc. TSLA3.7
2Ferrari N.V. RACE6.0
P/Elowest P/E
1Empery Digital Inc. EMPD0.0
2Ford Motor Company F10.2
3LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR11.6
4Stellantis N.V. STLA13.8
5Ferrari N.V. RACE32.5
Valuation · company comparison
2/12 level · 7/12 change

Solid lines show level; dotted lines show change when “Both” is selected. Missing reports break the line rather than being invented.

All-company data · latest reported quarter

Each figure is the company’s latest single reported quarter. The rankings above use trailing-twelve-month or current-market values, so a company can legitimately show a different number in each.

CompanyGuarded PEGP/EReported
Ferrari N.V. RACE6.032.5Mar 2026
Tesla, Inc. TSLA3.7341.1Mar 2026
Ford Motor Company F0.310.2Mar 2026
General Motors Company GM0.238.9Jun 2026
Stellantis N.V. STLA13.8Mar 2026
LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR11.6Mar 2026
Empery Digital Inc. EMPD0.0Mar 2026
Full 20-quarter history · every available company

Guarded PEG · reported quarter history

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

2.9
2.6
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.6
2.4
2.1
2.0
2.9
3.6
6.0

Ford Motor Company · F

0.4
0.2
0.3
0.3

General Motors Company · GM

0.8
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

1.6
2.7
3.0
2.5
3.7

P/E · reported quarter history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

0.0

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

38.1
50.6
42.2
35.6
37.4
39.2
46.0
50.6
43.1
44.4
55.9
49.6
53.2
48.3
44.9
46.8
46.2
35.2
32.5

Ford Motor Company · F

20.2
4.7
5.9
3.9
5.1
17.8
14.8
8.1
11.3
13.7
13.1
12.0
6.8
8.0
13.8
10.2

General Motors Company · GM

7.1
8.8
7.3
6.0
5.4
5.5
5.7
5.4
4.6
4.9
5.5
5.2
4.8
8.4
6.8
7.8
12.3
24.9
30.0
38.9

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

14.7
11.6

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

4.0
3.9
3.4
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.9
2.6
3.0
3.6
5.1
4.3
4.1
6.8
13.8

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

251.0
216.1
146.6
81.3
82.1
34.0
61.0
74.2
80.5
57.8
44.1
54.8
70.7
198.0
148.9
190.2
308.8
416.4
341.1
08 · compare level, then change

Enterprise Value & Book Value

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC has the lowest EV/EBITDA among the 12 Auto Manufacturers companies compared here, at 2.9×. General Motors Company is next at 10.4×. Stellantis N.V. has the lowest P/BV at 0.29×, so level and change sit with different companies. 7 of 12 companies report a comparable reading, the latest through Dec 2025.

What the numbers say: Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC leads ev/ebitda at 2.9×; Stellantis N.V. leads p/bv at 0.29×.

LeaderPolestar Automotive Holding UK PLC · 2.9×
Gap72.1% versus #2 · General Motors Company
Persistence1/8 recent comparable periods
Coverage7/12 companies · 96 observations

Investor read: Treat valuation as permission to investigate, never as a standalone reason to buy.

This conclusion weakens if: The next two comparable reports reverse the current p/bv signal.

EV/EBITDA includes debt in enterprise value and is useful across different capital structures. P/BV prices the company against its own book. Both are market multiples on reported figures, not intrinsic-value estimates and not forecasts.
EV/EBITDAlowest EV/EBITDA
1Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC PSNY · older report2.9
2General Motors Company GM10.4
3LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR17.7
4Ferrari N.V. RACE18.8
5Stellantis N.V. STLA19.8
P/BVlowest P/BV
1Stellantis N.V. STLA0.3
2Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC PSNY · older report0.4
3Empery Digital Inc. EMPD0.8
4General Motors Company GM1.1
5Ford Motor Company F1.3
Enterprise and book valuation · company comparison
7/12 level · 9/12 change

Solid lines show level; dotted lines show change when “Both” is selected. Missing reports break the line rather than being invented.

All-company data · latest reported quarter

Each figure is the company’s latest single reported quarter. The rankings above use trailing-twelve-month or current-market values, so a company can legitimately show a different number in each.

CompanyEV/EBITDAP/BVReported
Ford Motor Company F312.71.3Mar 2026
Tesla, Inc. TSLA121.716.6Mar 2026
Stellantis N.V. STLA19.80.3Mar 2026
Ferrari N.V. RACE18.812.8Mar 2026
LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWR17.712.0Mar 2026
General Motors Company GM10.41.1Jun 2026
Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC PSNY2.90.4Dec 2025
Rivian Automotive, Inc. RIVN4.3Mar 2026
Lucid Group, Inc. LCID-9.0Mar 2026
Lotus Technology Inc. LOT-0.7Dec 2025
Robo.ai Inc. AIIO-1.0Dec 2025
Empery Digital Inc. EMPD0.8Mar 2026
Full 20-quarter history · every available company

EV/EBITDA · reported quarter history

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

23.0
28.2
23.6
20.5
21.1
21.3
24.6
27.4
23.7
24.8
31.6
28.9
31.3
29.2
27.2
28.2
27.6
20.6
18.8

Ford Motor Company · F

17.4
14.5
15.5
8.6
10.3
10.2
10.2
11.3
10.1
12.0
13.7
14.2
14.3
12.5
13.5
15.6
14.9
312.7

General Motors Company · GM

7.4
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.3
6.5
6.3
6.0
6.7
6.9
6.3
6.1
6.3
6.1
6.9
7.6
10.2
10.1
10.4

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

18.8
17.7

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC · PSNY

2.6
1.3
2.1
4.1
3.1
0.5
3.4
3.1
3.2
3.0
2.7
3.5
2.9

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

1.5
1.4
3.2
4.9
19.8

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

107.8
114.7
87.0
48.8
51.4
21.4
38.4
48.3
51.1
56.7
44.0
52.6
64.3
102.2
67.9
87.6
137.2
157.3
121.7

P/BV · reported quarter history

Empery Digital Inc. · EMPD

0.7
0.6
0.8

Ferrari N.V. · RACE

16.2
19.0
15.5
14.2
14.3
14.0
16.2
19.8
17.8
18.1
22.3
22.1
22.7
20.7
19.7
21.0
19.5
14.3
12.8

Ford Motor Company · F

1.6
1.7
1.5
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.3

General Motors Company · GM

1.4
1.4
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.1
1.1

LiveWire Group, Inc. · LVWR

4.9
5.0
18.6
18.6
196.3
3.2
4.5
9.6
5.9
11.2
8.0
9.8
9.0
8.5
4.2
11.8
15.7
19.6
12.0

Lotus Technology Inc. · LOT

180.6
-26.7
-9.3
-2.9
-1.1
-1.4
-1.1
-0.7

Lucid Group, Inc. · LCID

8.6
16.0
11.1
7.7
7.3
2.9
4.1
2.6
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.7
3.1
2.4
2.3
2.7
4.3
4.8
-9.0

Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC · PSNY

-19.4
-22.2
0.5
3.6
-78.1
1.9
0.6
8.9
0.1
-0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4

Rivian Automotive, Inc. · RIVN

4.8
2.5
1.4
2.0
1.2
1.1
1.4
2.2
2.5
1.4
2.0
1.9
2.3
2.3
2.6
3.5
5.4
4.3

Robo.ai Inc. · AIIO

12.9
13.9
36.5
13.1
-3.0
-6.8
-1.0

Stellantis N.V. · STLA

0.3

Tesla, Inc. · TSLA

28.8
36.2
32.8
19.3
21.0
8.7
13.7
16.3
14.9
12.6
8.7
9.5
12.0
17.8
11.2
13.2
18.5
20.5
16.6
09 · let price answer last

Market action

General Motors Company has the strongest one-year price move in Auto Manufacturers at +71.9%. It also leads on Mansfield relative strength against the S&P 500 at +14.4%. 2 of 12 covered companies are above zero on that measure. Every line covers 314 weekly closes through 2026-07-28.

Every price line is indexed to 100 over the chosen window. Mansfield relative strength compares a price ratio with its own 52-week average; zero separates leadership from lagging.
Price and relative strength

Price is rebased to 100 inside the selected window. Pair ratio rebases each selected company against one chosen denominator.

Before the conclusion · check the blind spots

What can make this comparison misleading?

This Auto Manufacturers comparison names 6 specific ways its own evidence can mislead, all listed below. 3 of the 12 companies report on an older date than the sector's freshest reporters, so their ranks are marked stale. 1 of the 8 ranked sections has fewer than three usable current readings. A high growth rate can still be a low-base artefact.

Keep these limits visible

  • A high growth rate can be a low-base artefact. The page keeps level and change separate for that reason.
  • A high ROCE can be temporary or flattered by a small capital base. Read it beside margin, cash conversion and reinvestment.
  • The 4-Factor Sector Score ranks research priority, not portfolio action. Management quality, catalysts and risks need equally fresh evidence before capital is deployed.
  • An “all companies” line chart preserves completeness, but rank changes should be checked against reporting dates before drawing a conclusion.
  • 3 companies have older fundamental reporting dates than the sector’s freshest reporters; their ranks carry a stale marker.
  • Thin comparisons: Valuation have fewer than three usable current readings.
10 · the complete set

Which companies are included?

All 12 companies in the canonical Auto Manufacturers membership are listed below, largest market value first — nothing is silently dropped, even where a company reports too little to rank. The charts above default to a selective view; this register is the complete set, with each company's own latest reporting date beside it.

AHEAD means the company is beating the index by 5% or more over three months. LAGGING, FUNDAMENTALS UP means it is 20% or more behind over a year while its trailing twelve-month earnings grew 20% or more. Both rules are fixed and applied the same way in every sector.

CompanyMarket valuePricePriced toLatest fundamentals
Tesla, Inc. TSLA$1.2T$3072026-07-28Mar 2026
General Motors Company GMAHEAD$79.2B$90.32026-07-28Jun 2026
Ferrari N.V. RACEAHEAD$74.9B$3902026-07-28Mar 2026
Ford Motor Company FAHEAD$59.6B$15.02026-07-28Mar 2026
Rivian Automotive, Inc. RIVNAHEAD$24.0B$16.72026-07-28Mar 2026
Stellantis N.V. STLA$16.8B$5.82026-07-28Mar 2026
Lucid Group, Inc. LCID$3.1B$7.92026-07-28Mar 2026
Polestar Automotive Holding UK PLC PSNY$2.0B$14.02026-07-28Dec 2025
Lotus Technology Inc. LOT$571M$0.92026-07-28Dec 2025
Robo.ai Inc. AIIOAHEAD$425M$3.12026-07-28Dec 2025
LiveWire Group, Inc. LVWRAHEAD$399M$2.02026-07-28Mar 2026
Empery Digital Inc. EMPD$97M$3.82026-07-10Mar 2026
Evidence and freshness

How was this comparison built?

This comparison is built from the reported filings of 12 Auto Manufacturers companies, normalized to a common $ scale and a shared quarter axis of up to 20 quarters each. Fundamentals run through Jun 2026 and market data through 2026-07-28. A second data feed fills gaps only after identity and scale reconciliation, and missing observations are never interpolated.

FundamentalsThrough Jun 2026 · up to 20 quarters per company
Market dataThrough 2026-07-28 · weekly price and relative-strength history
Derived metricsGrowth, changes, CAPEX intensity, net debt, guarded PEG and P/BV÷ROE are calculated only when their inputs are comparable.
Score confidenceMissing and stale evidence reduces confidence and pulls the 0–100 research-priority score toward neutral.
Questions investors ask · short, speakable answers

Auto Manufacturers company comparison FAQs

These 18 answers restate the Auto Manufacturers comparison above in question form. Every one is computed from the same 12 companies and the same reported filings as the rankings and charts, current through Jun 2026. Price and relative-strength answers run through 2026-07-28. Nothing here is estimated, and none of it is a recommendation.

Which Auto Manufacturers company is the biggest?

Ford Motor Company is the largest, with trailing-twelve-month revenue of $189,861 million, ahead of Tesla, Inc. at $97,879 million. That covers 8 of 12 companies with comparable reporting through Mar 2026.

Which Auto Manufacturers company is growing fastest?

Lucid Group, Inc. has the fastest revenue growth at 61% year on year, across 8 of 12 comparable companies. Fast growth off a small base is not the same as proven scale — check whether the rate holds across several quarters on the chart above before treating it as a trend.

Which Auto Manufacturers company has the best profit margins?

Ferrari N.V. has the highest operating margin at 29.7%, from 8 of 12 comparable companies. LiveWire Group, Inc. shows the biggest recent improvement, at +407.9 percentage points. A high margin matters most when it is holding or rising, not when it is peaking.

Which Auto Manufacturers company makes the most profit?

Tesla, Inc. earns the most, at $3,926 million of trailing-twelve-month net profit, from 8 of 12 comparable companies. Ferrari N.V. has the fastest profit growth at 0.9%, though growth off a small or recovering profit base overstates how much has actually changed.

Which Auto Manufacturers company earns the highest return on capital?

Robo.ai Inc. leads on return on capital employed at 135.7%, across 12 of 12 companies. Read it beside the length of its reported history: a high return that repeats for years is evidence of a durable business, while a single high reading can be a small capital base or one good year.

Which Auto Manufacturers stock is the cheapest?

On guarded PEG — where a LOWER number is cheaper — Tesla, Inc. screens cheapest at 3.73×. Only 2 of 12 companies pass the comparability guard, so this is not a sector-wide "cheapest stock" verdict. Cheap on a multiple is a reason to investigate, never a reason to buy on its own.

Which Auto Manufacturers company has the strongest balance sheet?

Robo.ai Inc. carries the lowest comparable gross debt at $27 million, from 10 of 12 companies. Absolute rupee debt alone does not settle it, because company scale differs — net debt and debt-to-equity in the chart above carry more information, and a very low-debt balance sheet can also mean under-investment.

Which Auto Manufacturers company is investing most in new capacity?

Stellantis N.V. reports the largest capital spending at $3,540 million, across 12 of 12 companies. Spending consumes cash before it earns anything, so treat the ranking as a diligence queue: check commissioning, utilisation and the return earned on the completed assets before reading spend as value creation.

Is the Auto Manufacturers sector beating the market?

Auto Manufacturers has underperformed S&P 500 by 16.4% over the last 52 weeks and 17% over 13 weeks, measured on an equal-weight index of its current members. Inside the sector, 2 of 12 covered companies are beating the market on their own. Sector strength does not transfer evenly to every stock in it.

Which Auto Manufacturers stock has the strongest price momentum?

General Motors Company has the strongest relative strength against S&P 500. Relative strength answers last, after growth, quality and valuation: price can move well before the fundamentals confirm it, and sometimes without them confirming at all.

Which Auto Manufacturers company scores highest for research priority?

Ford Motor Company scores 54.8 out of 100 with 72% evidence confidence, from 17.3 points on growth and earnings, 10.2 on capital efficiency, 11 on valuation and 16.3 on relative strength. This ranks what deserves work next. It is not a buy recommendation, and management quality, catalysts and risk still need separate research.

How many Auto Manufacturers companies does this comparison cover, and over what period?

It compares 12 listed companies over up to 20 reported quarters of fundamentals and 6 fiscal years of capital allocation, ending Jun 2026, plus weekly price and relative-strength history. Membership is the full sector list — nothing is dropped for having thin data.

What is the total market cap of the Auto Manufacturers sector?

The 12 Auto Manufacturers companies on this page carry $1,475,289 million of combined market value. Tesla, Inc. is the largest at $1,214,249 million, about 82% of the sector's total on its own. Market value moves with price, so this reading is dated 2026-07-28.

What is the Auto Manufacturers sector's P/E ratio?

The median price-to-earnings ratio across the 12 Auto Manufacturers companies on this page is 13.8×, measured on the 7 that report a comparable figure. A sector-level history for this multiple is not held here, so this is a cross-section of today, not a comparison with the sector’s own past. Figures are as of 2026-07-28.

How is the Auto Manufacturers sector performing?

2 of the 12 covered Auto Manufacturers companies are beating S&P 500 on Mansfield relative strength. The sector itself is 16.4% behind S&P 500 over 52 weeks on an equal-weight index of its current members. Readings are as of 2026-07-28.

How many Auto Manufacturers stocks are listed in the US?

This comparison covers 12 listed Auto Manufacturers companies in the US, each above the size floor the site applies. The full ranked list is on this page, with reported fundamentals through Jun 2026. Membership is the full industry list — nothing is dropped for having thin data.

Why are some values on this page blank?

A blank means that company did not report a comparable figure for that period, so nothing is shown. Missing observations are never interpolated, carried forward, or replaced with a similar-looking accounting line, and a company with missing evidence has its research score pulled toward neutral rather than being scored as bad.

Is this investment advice?

No. Every figure here is a deterministic calculation from reported company filings and market data, published for research. It contains no recommendation to buy or sell any security, does not account for your circumstances, and is not a substitute for advice from a licensed adviser.

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